Solutions

ZippyChain facilitates pipelining and other optimizations across four main areas, significantly enhancing Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) performance and advancing the decentralization/scalability balance. The following section will detail these critical areas of improvement:

• fBFT

• Sharding

• Parallel Execution

Secure, Random State Sharding ZippyChain addresses the blockchain trilemma by translating cutting-edge research into practical solutions. Our sharding approach effectively scales blockchains while maintaining robust security and decentralization. We partition not only our network nodes but also the blockchain states into shards, achieving linear scalability across machines, transactions, and storage capacities. To mitigate the risk of single-shard attacks, it is essential to maintain a sufficiently large number of nodes per shard and to employ cryptographic randomness for regular re-sharding. Each shard is allocated one-fourth of the total nodes to ensure a strong security guarantee against Byzantine behaviors. We utilize Verifiable Random Functions (VRF) to ensure unbiased and unpredictable shard membership.

fBFT: Fast Consensus with Instant Finality ZippyChain has advanced the well-established Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) protocol to achieve rapid consensus for block transactions. Our Fast BFT (FBFT) mechanism results in low transaction fees and one-block-time finality on the ZippyChain Mainnet. In contrast to the broadcasting adopted by Ethereum, ZippyChain adopts Boneh–Lynn–Shacham (BLS) multi-signatures to finalize blocks in a single round of consensus messages, achieving a block time of two seconds, even during view changes in the presence of adversarial or unavailable leaders.

Parallel Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) Parallel Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) promises to significantly enhance transaction processing and scalability. Parallel EVM seeks to unlock the scalability potential of the EVM by enabling parallel transaction execution.The network assumes that submitted transactions are valid and executes them in a mempool before full validation. If a conflict arises, only the affected transactions are rolled back and re-executed, ensuring eventual consistency while maximizing throughput.

To summarize, ZippyChain scales blockchain throughput by a suite of techniques: state sharding, fBFT and parallel EVM without sacrificing security and decentralization. Combining these technologies, Combining these technologies allows ZippyChain to process transactions efficiently, achieving a throughput of 25,000 TPS and substantially scaling the EVM.

Feature	ZippyChain	Monad	Ethereum
Transactions per Second (TPS)	25,000	10,000	15-30
Consensus Mechanism	fBFT+PoS	MonadBFT+PoS	pBFT+PoS
Sharding	Yes	N.A.	Danksharding
Parallel EVM	Optimistic Execution	Optimistic Execution	N.A.
AI Integration	Set to launch layer 2 GPU sharing and decentralized data storage through GhostDAG	N.A.	Data Availability through Layer 2
Block Time	2 seconds	1 second	12 seconds-18 minutes

To facilitate the fusion of AI and blockchain, leveraging parallel EVM, ZippyChain also will launch a layer 2 GPU sharing network and a layer 2 decentralized data storage network based on the GhostDAG consensus mechanism.

Comparison with Ethereum

• Ethereum is like a virtual bank, where decentralized apps can emulate traditional banking functions.

• Ethereum produces blocks every 12 seconds, and uses a proof-of-stake mechanism for civil resistance, determining how nodes choose leaders and vote.

• Ethereum has a gas limit of about 30 million gas per block, translating to roughly 15-30 TPS for typical transactions.

• ZippyChain shares the same transaction format and address space as Ethereum, ensuring compatibility with tools like MetaMask.

• However, ZippyChain achieves finality within two seconds, compared to Ethereum’s 12 seconds to 18 minutes.

Comparison with Monad

Monad achieves parallel EVM scaling via MonadBFT and optimistic execution, foregoing sharding technology. MonadBFT, akin to fast BFT, uses Boneh-Lynn-Shacham (BLS) multi-signatures for consensus but enables asynchronous executions. ZippyChain, in contrast, employs fast BFT, sharding, and optimistic execution for parallel EVM processing. Sharding provides a solution for blockchain data storage challenges, and ZippyChain manages cross-shard data synchronization through a full-stack approach.